ABSTRACT
Objective. To estimate direct medical costs (DMC) associated with treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborns (NB) in two specialized public hospitals in Mexico. Materials and methods. The perspective used was health care payer. We estimated DMC associated with RDS management. The pattern of resource use was established by reviewing clinical records. Microcosting and bootstrap techniques were used to obtain the DMC. Estimated costs were reported in 2011 US dollars. Results. Average DMC per RDS event was 14 226 USD. The most significant items that account for this cost were hospitalization (38%), laboratory and diagnostic exams (18%), incubator time (10%), surfactant therapy (7%), and mechanical ventilation (7%). Conclusion. Average DMC in NB with RDS fluctuated in relation to gestational age weight at birth and clinical complications presented by patients during their hospitalization.
Objetivo. Determinar los costos médicos directos (CMD) asociados con el tratamiento del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (SDR) en recién nacidos pretérmino en dos hospitales públicos de alta especialidad de México. Material y métodos. Se utilizó la perspectiva del pagador de servicios de salud. El uso de recursos se estimó mediante la revisión de expedientes clínicos. Se empleó la técnica de microcosteo y de bootstrap para la obtención de los CMD. Los costos fueron reportados en dólares estadounidenses de 2011. Resultados. El CMD por evento de SDR promedio fue de 14 226 dólares distribuidos entre los costos de hospitalización (38%), laboratorio y exámenes de diagnóstico (18%), tiempo en incubación (10%), terapia con surfactantes (7%) y ventilación mecánica (7%). Conclusión. Los CMD promedio en recién nacidos pretérmino con SDR están relacionados con la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y las complicaciones clínicas que presentan los pacientes durante su hospitalización.
Subject(s)
Food Analysis/standards , Phosphorus/analysis , Food Contamination , Guidelines as Topic , International Cooperation , Molybdenum/chemistry , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: to assess how nurses perceive autonomy, control over the environment, the professional relationship between nurses and physicians and the organizational support and correlate them with burnout, satisfaction at work, quality of work and the intention to quit work in primary healthcare. METHOD: cross-sectional and correlation study, using a sample of 198 nurses. The tools used were the Nursing Work Index Revised, Maslach Burnout Inventory and a form to characterize the nurses. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were applied and Spearman's correlation coefficient was used. RESULTS: the nurses assessed that the environment is partially favorable for: autonomy, professional relationship and organizational support and that the control over this environment is limited. Significant correlations were evidenced between the Nursing Work Index Revised, Maslach Burnout Inventory and the variables: satisfaction at work, quality of care and the intent to quit the job. CONCLUSION: the nurses' perceptions regarding the environment of practice are correlated with burnout, satisfaction at work, quality of care and the intent to quit the job. This study provides support for the restructuring of work processes in the primary health care environment and for communication among the health service management, human resources and occupational health areas. .
OBJETIVOS: avaliar percepções dos enfermeiros sobre autonomia, controle sobre o ambiente, relação profissional entre enfermeiro e médico e suporte organizacional e correlacioná-las com Burnout, satisfação no trabalho, qualidade do cuidado e intenção de deixar o trabalho, na atenção básica. MÉTODO: estudo transversal e correlacional, com amostra de 198 enfermeiros. Foram utilizados o Nursing Work Index Revised, o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach e uma ficha de caracterização do enfermeiro. Para análise dos dados, foi realizada estatística descritiva e utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: os enfermeiros avaliaram que o ambiente é parcialmente favorável para: autonomia, relação profissional e suporte organizacional e que há pouco controle sobre o mesmo. Evidenciaram-se correlações significativas entre o Nursing Work Index Revised, o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach e as variáveis: satisfação no trabalho, qualidade de cuidado e intenção de deixar o trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: percepções dos enfermeiros acerca do ambiente da prática correlacionam-se com Burnout, satisfação no trabalho, qualidade do cuidado e intenção de deixar o trabalho. Este estudo fornece subsídios para reestruturação de processos de trabalho no ambiente da atenção básica e para comunicação entre as áreas de gestão de serviços de saúde, recursos humanos e saúde do trabalhador. .
OBJETIVOS: evaluar percepciones de los enfermeros sobre autonomía, control sobre el ambiente, relación profesional entre enfermero y médico y soporte organizacional y correlacionarlas con el síndrome de burnout, la satisfacción en el trabajo, la calidad del cuidado y la intención de dejar el trabajo, en la atención básica. MÉTODO: estudio transversal y de correlación, con muestra de 198 enfermeros. Fueron utilizados el Nursing Work Index Revised, el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach y una ficha de caracterización del enfermero. El análisis de los datos fue realizado con estadística descriptiva y se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: los enfermeros evaluaron que el ambiente es parcialmente favorable para: autonomía, relación profesional y soporte organizacional y que existe poco control sobre el mismo. Se evidenciaron correlaciones significativas entre el Nursing Work Index Revised, el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach y las variables: satisfacción en el trabajo, calidad del cuidado e intención de dejar el trabajo. CONCLUSIÓN: las percepciones de los enfermeros acerca del ambiente de la práctica se correlacionan con burnout, satisfacción en el trabajo, calidad del cuidado e intención de dejar el trabajo. Este estudio ofrece subsidios para la reestructuración de procesos de trabajo en el ambiente de la atención básica y para comunicación entre las áreas de administración de servicios de salud, recursos humanos y salud del trabajador. .
Subject(s)
Oxytetracycline/analysis , Capsules , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Indicators and Reagents , Molybdenum/chemistry , Oxytetracycline/chemistry , Solutions , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo es poder brindar al profesional una guía acerca de los diferentes metales, tanto tradicionales como exóticos, y sus propiedades, para permitir la elección de los arcos según las necesidades de cada tratamiento, no teniendo que seguir siempre una prescripción determinada.
Subject(s)
Orthodontic Wires/trends , Dental Alloys/chemistry , Orthodontic Appliances/classification , Stainless Steel/chemistry , Chromium Alloys/chemistry , Gold Alloys/chemistry , Elasticity , Molybdenum/chemistry , Nickel , Surface Properties , Titanium/chemistryABSTRACT
The role of molybdenum-containing enzymes, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase in the production of reactive oxygen species has been discussed in term of mechanism of action. Unlike cytochrome P450 and other monooxygenase systems, the molybdenum hydroxylases carry out their reactions using water rather than molecular oxygen as the source of the oxygen atom incorporated into the product, and generated rather than consumed electrons. Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase differ in their substrates and inhibitor specificity. While aldehyde oxidase is a predominant oxidase, xanthine oxidase can undergo inter-conversion between oxidase/ dehydrogenase forms under pathological conditions such as ischaemia. Nevertheless, the wide range of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals that interact with these enzymes, particularly aldehyde oxidase, highlight the importance of these enzymes in drug oxidation, detoxification and activation. Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase have been linked to some diseases such as neurodegenerative and ischaemic disorders, respectively. In vivo, oxidation of aldehyde oxidase-substrates such as ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, retinal and NADH may alter the balance of ROS production by this enzyme leading to neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. In addition, aldehyde oxidase has been implicated in pathophysiology of alcohol liver injury, visual processes, synthesis of retinoic acid and reperfusion tissue injury. Under pathological conditions, such as ischaemia-reperfusion injury, both enzymes may participate